The Lack of a National Force and the Influence of Party Militias on Democracy in Kurdistan.
Rebar Salim – Activist
Kurdistan has struggled to establish a unified national force that operates independently of political and familial loyalties. Instead, security and military forces remain under the control of the two dominant parties—the Kurdistan Democratic Party (PDK) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK).The PDK and PUK maintain parallel military and intelligence structures that serve their political interests.
PDK Forces.
PDK Anti-Terrorism Unit – Protects the party’s political and security interests.Security Agency – Prevents dissent and ensures loyalty within the party.Peshmerga Forces 80 – A military unit under PDK control.Party Security – Manages internal security threats against the party.Gulan Force – A specialized PDK force dedicated to maintaining its dominance.Erbil Court – A judicial institution controlled by the PDK.
PUK Forces
PUK Anti-Terrorism Unit – Safeguards the party’s security and interests.Intelligence Agency – Conducts surveillance and protects the party.Peshmerga Forces 70 – A military unit under PUK control.Union Security – Ensures internal security for the PUK.Commando Forces – A specialized unit that reinforces PUK power.Sulaimani Court – A judicial institution controlled by the PUK.
How Party Forces Weaken Democracy
By maintaining private military structures, both parties prevent the formation of a neutral, state-controlled national force. This deepens political divisions, hinders democratic governance, and restricts freedoms.
Impact on Elections!
Armed party forces play a significant role in controlling electoral outcomes. Their presence creates an environment where free and fair elections are nearly impossible, as political opponents face intimidation and suppression. As a result, the democratic process in Kurdistan remains compromised.To build a functioning democracy and a legitimate national force, Kurdistan must disassemble party-controlled militias.
